There are noticeable differences in the perioral morphology of males and females,
a contrast which is particularly apparent in the upper lip. Specifically, the female
upper red lip tends to be fuller, with a shorter vertical cutaneous component and
more dental show at rest. Familiarity with these differences, aesthetic ideals, and
underlying anatomy is critical for the optimal planning of gender-affirming facial
surgery. This article will review the evaluation of the perioral area and discuss
operative planning. Multiple surgical techniques will be described in detail, including
the commonly performed lip lift via a “bullhorn” incision.
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: January 18, 2023
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Published by Elsevier Inc.
