Abstract
A feminine face is typically heart-shaped with a prominent malar region and lean midface.
This ideal is dependent on both the skeletal architecture and the soft-tissue structures.
Cheek augmentation and buccal lipectomy aid in the inverted triangulation between
the points of the cheeks and the chin, feminizing the midface. Herein, we describe
the anatomy and operative technique for facial feminization of the midface.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck SurgeryAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Facial feminization surgery: current state of the art.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012; 41 (Epub 2012/06/12): 885-894https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2012.04.024
- Facial feminization: systematic review of the literature.Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016; 137 (Epub 2016/05/25): 1759-1770https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000002171
- The definitive plastic surgical treatment of the severe facial deformities of craniofacial dysostosis. Crouzon's and Apert's diseases.Plast Reconstr Surg. 1971; 48: 419-442https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-197111000-00002
- Flat cheeks. Polyethylene endoprostheses inserted subperiosteally along the zygomatic arch.Prensa Med Argent. 1971; 58: 1946-1950
- Malar implants for improvement of the facial appearance.Plast Reconstr Surg. 1975; 56: 157-165https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-197508000-00007
- Building out the malar prominences as an addition to rhytidectomy.Plast Reconstr Surg. 1974; 53: 293-296https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-197403000-00007
- Submalar augmentation. An alternative to face-lift surgery.Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1989; 115: 797-801https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1989.01860310035017
- Alloplastic facial contouring by zonal principles of skeletal anatomy.Clin Plast Surg. 1992; 19: 487-510
- A multicenter, single-blind randomized, controlled study of a volumizing hyaluronic acid filler for midface volume deficit: patient-reported outcomes at 2 years.Aesthet Surg J. 2015; 35 (Epub 20150511): 589-599https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjv050
- Cheek augmentation techniques.Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2019; 27 (Epub 20190302): 199-206https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsc.2018.12.003
- Gender-confirming facial surgery: considerations on the masculinity and femininity of faces.Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997; 99: 1799-1807https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199706000-00001
- Transgender feminization of the facial skeleton.Clin Plast Surg. 2007; 34: 557-564https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cps.2007.04.009
- Vertical localization of the malar prominence.Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2015; 3 (Epub 20150708): e411https://doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000000383
- Sexual dimorphism and population affinity in the human zygomatic structure—comparing surface to outline data.Anat Rec. 2017; 300: 226-237https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23450
- Soft tissue cephalometric analysis: diagnosis and treatment planning of dentofacial deformity.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999; 116: 239-253https://doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(99)70234-9
- Malar and submalar augmentation.Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2008; 16 (v): 11-32https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsc.2007.09.008
- Techniques in facial fat grafting.Aesthet Surg J. 2008; 28: 681-687https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asj.2008.09.003
- Adverse events in facial implant surgery and associated malpractice litigation.JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2018; 20: 244-248https://doi.org/10.1001/jamafacial.2017.2242
- Complications and toxicities of implantable biomaterials used in facial reconstructive and aesthetic surgery: a comprehensive review of the literature.Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997; 100: 1336-1353https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199710000-00043
Bichat X. Anatomie générale: appliquée à la physiologie et à la médecine. A Paris: chez Brosson, Gabon et Cie, Libraires, rue Pierre-Sarrazin, no. 6, et place de l'Ecole-de-Médecine; 1801.
- Buccal fat pad excision: aesthetic improvement of the midface.Ann Plast Surg. 1991; 26: 413-418https://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-199105000-00001
- Anatomical structure of the buccal fat pad and its clinical adaptations.Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002; 109 (discussion 19-20): 2509-2518https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200206000-00052
- The anatomy and clinical applications of the buccal fat pad.Plast Reconstr Surg. 1990; 85: 29-37https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199001000-00006
- A review of the gross anatomy, functions, pathology, and clinical uses of the buccal fat pad.Surg Radiol Anat. 2010; 32 (Epub 20091125): 427-436https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-009-0596-6
- Buccal fat pad reduction with intraoperative fat transfer to the temple.Cutis. 2022; 109: 46-48https://doi.org/10.12788/cutis.0430
- The excision of the buccal fat pad for cheek refinement: volumetric considerations.Aesthet Surg J. 2019; 39: 585-592https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjy188
- Managing the buccal fat pad.Aesthet Surg J. 2006; 26: 330-336https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asj.2006.03.009
- Volumetric analysis of the buccal fat pad.Eur J Plast Surg. 1999; 22: 177-180
- Buccal fat pad excision: proceed with caution.Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2018; 6 (Epub 20181016): e1970https://doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000001970
- The role of the buccal fat pad in facial aesthetic surgery.Plast Reconstr Surg. 2021; 148: 334-338https://doi.org/10.1097/prs.0000000000008230
- Buccal fat pad excision for cheek refinement: a systematic review.Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2021; 26 (Epub 20210701): e474-ee81https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.24335
- Buccal fat pad removal.Aesthet Surg J. 2003; 23: 484-485https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asj.2003.08.005
- Interrelated buccal fat pad with facial buccal branches and parotid duct.J Craniofac Surg. 2005; 16: 658-660https://doi.org/10.1097/01.scs.0000157019.35407.55
Article info
Publication history
Published online: January 18, 2023
Footnotes
This manuscript has not been published and is not under consideration elsewhere.
Identification
Copyright
© 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.